Pooled estimates for appropriate prescribing (according to reference guidelines) were, in hospitals, 99.7% (97.4–100) for indication, 84.9% (38.5-98.0) for drug choice, and 6.1% (0.2–63.2) for overall appropriateness, and, in primary care, 98.9% (60.9-100) for indication, 82.6% (50.5–95.7) for drug choice and 10.5% (0.8–62.6) for overall appropriateness. Pooled estimates for overall appropriate prescribing (according to Gyssens method) were 33.5% (18.1–53.4) in hospitals and 49.4% (23.7–75.4) in primary care. Ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, and ampicillin were the most consumed antibiotics in inpatients, and amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and cefadroxil in outpatients. The pooled estimate of overall antibiotic consumption was 134.8 DDD per 100 bed-days (95%CI 82.5–187.0) for inpatients and 121.1 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day (10.4-231.8) for outpatients. Of 9323 search hits, we included 100 reports on antibiotic consumption (20), prescribing appropriateness (49), AMS interventions (13), and/or perception (25) (8 categorized in >1 domain). The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific.The Lancet Regional Health – Southeast Asia.
The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology.
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